What Does It Mean to Be Neurodivergent?

Neurodivergent is a nonmedical term for people who think, feel, or behave differently than what is considered typical or normal. People who identify as neurodivergent have brains that develop or process information differently than others. They may have a different way of understanding the world—and that comes with both strengths and challenges. 

Several conditions can cause neurodivergence, such as autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome, and some learning disabilities. The National Cancer Institute also estimates that 15-20% of the world’s population has some form of neurodivergence, making neurodivergence more common than originally thought. 

Using the term “neurodivergent” provides a way to discuss brain differences without assuming they are a disability. It is similar to the term “neurodiversity,” which posits that there is a wide spectrum in the way that people think and process information. 

Types of Neurodivergence 

There are several types of neurodivergent conditions and disorders. Common examples include, but are not limited to:

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Differences in social, communication, fine motor, gross motor, and speech skills
• Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
• Tourette syndrome: A tic disorder that causes involuntary and repetitive movements and vocalizations
• Dyslexia: A learning disability that causes difficulty with language and reading skills
• Dyscalculia: A learning disability that causes challenges with doing math and working with numbers
  

Neurodivergent Symptoms and Traits 

People who identify as neurodivergent usually have physical, verbal, and social traits that are different from those of neurotypical people. This is because their brains work differently than those of many people in their community or surrounding population.

Some with neurodivergence may exhibit the following symptoms and traits:

• Social differences: Unable to make eye contact or read others’ body language
• Speech and language: Repeating phrases or words and stuttering 
• Executive functioning: Trouble with memory and self-control or having inflexible thinking
• Physical behaviors: Tics, shouting, rocking, and other repetitive movements 
• Sensory differences: Sensitivity to changes in sound, temperature, light, and crowds

Neurodivergence should not be regarded as atypical. People who are neurodivergent just process the world differently. In fact, there are several helpful traits neurodivergence can also lead to:

• Innovative thinking
• Ability to deeply focus and recognize patterns
• Strong observational skills
• Talent in the arts, sciences, music, and technology 

Causes

Neurodivergence occurs when a person’s brain works differently. Researchers aren’t certain what causes the differences between neurodivergent and neurotypical, but they believe several possible factors exist. Most people with neurodivergence may be born with structural differences in their brains. 

The research suggests neurodivergence may happen due to a combination of these factors:

• Genetics
• Birth complications 
• Physical or emotional trauma
• Frequent infections 
• Family history of neurodivergence
• Being born to older parents
• Low birth weight
• Prenatal exposure to certain chemicals or pollution
• Personal history of head injuries

Can You Diagnose Neurodivergence?

There is no official test for neurodivergence. The term started to gain in popularity in the early 2000s. Researchers believe this is because more children were diagnosed with neurodivergent conditions like autism and ADHD. As healthcare providers became more aware of neurodivergent conditions, they got better at diagnosing them. 

If you believe that you or your child could be neurodivergent, talk with your primary healthcare provider. They will likely refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist—healthcare providers who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health conditions. Some primary healthcare providers and pediatricians may also have experience with working with neurodivergent people. 

Your healthcare provider may suspect that you (or your child) have an underlying condition that causes neurodivergence—such as autism or ADHD. If you undergo testing for neurodivergent conditions, you can expect your provider to ask several questions about your symptoms, behaviors, habits, experiences, and thought patterns. They may also ask you to complete questionnaires to better understand how your brain works. 

Treatment Options

Treatment for neurodivergence isn't necessary. However, if you have a neurodivergent condition that may be affecting your daily life or functioning, you may pursue treatment. The goal of treatment is to learn skills that help you manage your symptoms and improve functioning. There is no one right treatment for neurodivergence. The symptoms and traits vary widely, and your treatment plan will be unique to your individual needs.

Your treatment plan may aim to maximize your strengths and abilities. Many people who are neurodivergent thrive in a structured environment with daily routines and set schedules. This can help you feel in control of your environment and keep you at ease. If a condition like autism or ADHD is the cause of your neurodivergence, earlier intervention tends to be more helpful. 

Possible treatment options for people who are neurodivergent include:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Helps you identify and change unhelpful thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to more positive ones
• Social skills training: Teaches social and communication skills to help you connect with peers 
• Physical therapy (PT): Assists with any challenges with fine or gross motor skills via treatments like physical therapy, occupational therapy, or speech therapy
  

Related Conditions

Research has found that people who are neurodivergent are at increased risk of self-harm and suicide.

If you develop suicidal thoughts, it's important to seek immediate help and remember that support is available. Make a safety plan with your healthcare provider and close friends or family members. You may also consider chatting with a trained member of the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline by texting 988 or visiting 988lifeline.org.

Living With Neurodivergence

Neurodivergent people have brains that work differently—and more work is still needed to ensure that they have proper access and inclusion within their communities. Some people may think neurodivergence is "wrong," but this perspective is incorrect. Neurodivergent and neurotypical people just see the world differently, and whichever you identify as is valid.

While conditions that cause neurodivergence can lead to some limitations, it's important to remember that you can live well with neurodivergence by focusing on your strengths. Your healthcare provider can make a plan to target any challenges you're facing.

For example, if loud noises are bothersome, they may recommend investing in noise-cancelling headphones. If taking tests in a short period of time feels difficult, a school psychologist can advocate for you to receive more time for your exams. While it may take time to figure out which interventions help you maximize your potential, remember that support is available.